17th century–1727
Instead of one story of incorporation, the record contains local wars, negotiations, hostages, tribute, forts, alliances, flight and migration. State borders were laid over older routes and relationships.
The treaties drew a state line across a nomadic space; pasture routes, monasteries and kin ties kept crossing it.
The Nerchinsk and Kyakhta treaties fixed the border — cross-border nomadic mobility continued
ConfirmedBuryat history verification core (reviewed 16 Jul 2026)
“Cross-border nomadic mobility and religious and kin ties persisted after Nerchinsk/Kyakhta, despite the political division of jurisdictions.”
Further reading: Zabaikalsky Krai State Archive3 catalog entriesPeriod tags: 17th-century incorporation into Russia
Digitised archival copies from Mongolia as part of the Endangered Archives Programme, including a 1712 document concerning a border post in the Kyakhta region — a source on border history and the early frontier.
A public digital archive of Japanese documents concerning the modern history of Japan and Asia (archives of the National Archives, MOFA, NIDS) — a source for Japanese projects in Mongolia/Manchuria, Pan-Mongol initiatives, and Buryat emigrants (variants: ブリヤート, ブリアート).
The Siberian ethnographic collection and archival materials of the American Museum of Natural History (the Jesup project, over 5,000 items) — an important Western source on the ethnography of Siberia during the Jesup era; requires separate searching for Buryat materials.